انگلیسی 1385

INDIA, AND THE PERGIVAL SPEAR, PH. D. Fellow ofSelwyn College, Cambridge Geoffrey Cumberlege OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO 1949 PRINTED IN CREAT BRITAIN BY THE RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH FOREWORD THE word India has necessarily been used in an ambiguous sense in this book. As applied to the past, it denotes the geographical sub-continent. As applied to the present, it denotes the Indian Dominion when used in a political sense, and again the sub-continent when used geographically. No acceptable hybrid covering the whole geographical area has yet found currency and some confusion of terminology is therefore inevitable. I should like to acknowledge the great help and encouragement received in various ways in preparing this book from the following my wife, the late Sir Frank Noyce, Dr. R. B. Whitehead, and Mr. Guy Wint. PERCTVAL SPEAR CAMBRIDGE November 1948 1318732 MAR 1-11550 CONTENTS I. PROBLEMS ...... 9 II. THE COUNTRY ..... 27 III. THE PEOPLES OF INDIA 39 IV. HINDUISM ...... 57 V. ISLAM 76 VI. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE . 92 VII. THE BRITISH 113 VIII. THE ORGANIZATION OF POWER . . 123 IX. THE ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC LIFE . 140 X. THE ORGANIZATION OF WELFARE . 157 XI. THE INDIAN RESPONSE . . 175 XII. THE NEW INDIA . . . .192 XIII. CONCLUSION 209 MAP 218-19 BlBLIOORAPHY ..... 22O INDEX 225 CHAPTER I PROBLEMS INDIA has been traditionally regarded as a land of wonder and mystery, a place where strange people live and strange things happen. This tradition was estab lished by the Greeks, whose first observer of whom we have any record embellished his account of India in the sixth century B. C. with marvels. The Skiapodes, he said, were a race with feet so large, that they were able to use them as sunshades, while others had ears of equal pro portions in which they could wrap themselves against the cold. Herodotus followed with the story of ants larger than foxes but smaller than dogs who threw out gold dust from their diggings in the desert, which was then