الإنجليزية 1435

This text is primarily intended as a textbook for undergraduate students of instrumentation, electronics, and electrical engineering for a course in biomedical instrumentation. The book presents a detailed introduction to the fundamental principles and applications of biomedical instrumentation.It familiarizes students with the basics of medical science by explaining the relevant medical terminology in simple language. Without presuming prior knowledge of human physiology, it helps students to develop a substantial understanding of the complex functioning of the human body. The mechanisms of all major biomedical instrumentation systems ECG, EEG, CT scanner, MRI, pacemaker, dialysis machine, ultrasound imaging machine, laser lithotripsy machine, defibrillator, and plethysmograph are comprehensively explained. Illustrations are provided throughout, as are chapter-end review to test students grasp of concepts.This second edition incorporates detailed explanations, supported with illustrated examples and improved figures, ionic action of silver-silver chloride electrode, and isolation amplifiers. It also includes mathematical treatment of ultrasonic transit time flowmeters. A method to find the approximate axis of heart and image reconstruction in a CT scan is explained. The section on MRI has been simplified for better understanding, and a new section on Positron Emission Tomography (PET), has been introduced.